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The Maróczy Bind () is a pawn formation in chess, named after the Hungarian grandmaster Géza Maróczy and primarily, but not exclusively, played against the Sicilian Defence. It is characterized by white pawns on c4 and e4, with White's d-pawn having been exchanged for Black's c-pawn. White's c- and e-pawns control the d5 square, making it difficult for Black to free his position with ...d5; Black often settles for the less active ...d6 instead. Black often employs a Hedgehog formation against the Bind. ==History== The first game known to feature the Maróczy Bind was Swiderski–Maróczy, Monte Carlo 1904.〔(Swiderski-Maróczy, Monte Carlo 1904 ). ChessGames.com. Retrieved on 2009-02-06.〕 Oddly, no games are known where Maróczy played it as White. However, the 1906 March–April issue of the ''Wiener Schachzeitung'' reproduced from ''Magyar Sakklap'' Maróczy's annotations to the game Tarrasch–Marshall, Nuremberg (match) 1905 (which began 1.e4 c5 2.d4 cxd4 3.Nf3 a6 4.Nxd4 g6 5.Be2 Bg7 6.Nc3 Nc6). "On four consecutive moves (moves 3–6) Maróczy stressed the value of the move c4."〔Edward Winter, ''Kings, Commoners and Knaves: Further Chess Explorations'', Russell Enterprises, 1999, pp. 147-48. ISBN 1-888690-04-6.〕 For several decades, it was generally considered tantamount to a positional blunder for Black to allow the Maróczy Bind.〔The fourth edition of ''Modern Chess Openings'', published in 1925, is a typical example. The authors state that in the Sicilian Defence 2...Nc6 followed by ...g6 and ...Bg7 "is now seldom played, White being left with too great a control of the board by Maróczy's Attack". R. C. Griffith, J. H. White, and M. E. Goldstein, ''Modern Chess Openings'' (4th ed. 1925), Whitehead & Miller, p. 191.〕 For example, Harry Golombek, in ''Capablanca's 100 Best Games of Chess'' (1947), gave a question mark to Black's fourth move in the line 1.e4 c5 2.Ne2 d6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6, a form of the Accelerated Dragon variation of the Sicilian Defence, stating that 4...Nf6 was "necessary" to make White block his with 5.Nc3 and thus avoid the Bind. Golombek gave an exclamation point to 5.c4, establishing the Bind, explaining "This strong move gives White control of the centre and Black must grovel about to find a counter-attack."〔H. Golombek, ''Capablanca's 100 Best Games of Chess'', David McKay, 1978, p. 154, ISBN 0-679-14044-1 (annotating Capablanca-Yates, Bad Kissingen 1928).〕 Reuben Fine, writing in 1948, also considered the Bind very strong for White.〔Fine noted (converting his descriptive notation to algebraic notation) that 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 "allows the strong Maroczy bind 5.c4!" Reuben Fine, ''Practical Chess Openings'', David McKay, 1948, p. 409. The one column of analysis he gave ended with a large advantage for White. ''Id.'', p. 428.〕 Beginning in the 1950s, the Maróczy Bind became less feared as new methods were found for Black to combat it. The ninth edition of ''Modern Chess Openings'' (1957) stated that Black had "worked loose" from the structures of the Bind.〔Walter Korn and John W. Collins, ''Modern Chess Openings'' (9th ed. 1957), Pitman Publishing Corporation, p. 117.〕 Larry Evans wrote in the tenth edition (1965) that in response to the Accelerated Dragon, the Maróczy Bind "was once considered a refutation but now has lost much of its punch. White retains an advantage in space but Black's position is fundamentally sound."〔Larry Evans, ''Modern Chess Openings'' (10th ed. 1965), Pitman Publishing Corporation, p. 183.〕 That remains the prevailing view, but some recent writers still emphasize that Black must find active counterplay or else be "strangled".〔Nick de Firmian states that 1.e4 c5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.d4 cxd4 4.Nxd4 g6 5.c4 "leads to a quieter, more positional type of game" than 5.Nc3, "yet Black will get strangled if he/she cannot find active play". Nick de Firmian, ''Modern Chess Openings'' (15th ed. 2008), Random House Puzzles & Games, p. 271. ISBN 978-0-8129-3682-7. Four of the six columns of analysis in ''MCO-15'' end with an assessment of an advantage for White. ''Id.'' pp. 287-89.〕〔Similarly, Garry Kasparov and Raymond Keene state of the same position, "if White is up to the task Black suffers from his lack of space and may be slowly strangled". Garry Kasparov and Raymond Keene, ''Batsford Chess Openings 2'', Collier Books, 1989, p. 285. ISBN 0-02-033991-7.〕 However, John Nunn and Joe Gallagher observe:〔John Nunn and Joe Gallagher, ''Beating the Sicilian 3'', Henry Holt, 1995, p. 144. ISBN 0-8050-4227-X.〕 Although the Maroczy Bind is slightly passive for Black, players such as Larsen, Petursson and Velimirović have shown that by patiently waiting for a lapse of concentration from White this line can offer winning chances for Black. The theoretical opinion is that White should maintain a slight advantage, but no one should believe that this is a line in which White cannot lose. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Maróczy Bind」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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